Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a neurotechnology that enables direct brain-based communication between an individual and the rest of the world. BCI is a system that decodes the user’s mental state or intention and maps such information to the action of a device that interacts with the surrounding environment. Other interesting avenues of BCIs investigate how neuromodulation impacts the performance of the nervous systems for completing various tasks. In this talk, I will present our work on developing noninvasive BCI technology from scalp-recorded EEG signals for controlling a computer cursor and robotic arm using only the “thought” of human subjects. I will also present our work on developing transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation technology for noninvasive precision stimulation of brain circuits, and collaborative investigation of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation for treating pain, in particular, sickle cell pain. I will discuss our work on a bidirectional BCI approach integrating motion visual evoked potential speller and transcranial focused ultrasound modulation of V5 for significantly enhancing the BCI performance in human subjects